0.9k
1.1k
788
404
1kWe have shown throughout the this blog and its companion book “The Reality of the Fourth *Spatial* Dimension“ there are many theoretical advantages to defining the universe in terms of the geometry of four *spatial* dimensions instead of four dimensional space-time
One is that it would give theoreticians the ability to understand and explain the origin of the positron and other antiparticles by extrapolating the classical laws and observations of a three-dimensional environment to four *spatial* dimensions.
In the article “Electromagnetism in four *spatial* dimensions” Sept 27, 2007 it was shown that one can explain and predict the propagation of electromagnetic radiation by extrapolating the classical laws of wave mechanics in a three dimensional environment to a matter wave on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
For example a wave on the two-dimensional surface of water causes a point on that surface to be become displaced or rise above or below the equilibrium point that existed before the wave was present. A force will be developed by the differential displacement of the surfaces, which will result in the elevated and depressed portions of the water moving towards or become “attracted” to each other and the surface of the water.
Similarly a matter wave on the “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension would cause a point on that “surface” to become displaced or rise above and below the equilibrium point that existed before the wave was present.
Therefore, classical wave mechanics, if extrapolated to four *spatial* dimensions tells us the force developed by the differential displacements caused by a matter wave moving on a “surface” of three-dimensional space with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension will result in its elevated and depressed portions moving towards or become “attracted” to each other.
This defines the causality of the attractive forces of unlike charges associated with the electromagnetic energy in terms of a force developed by a differential displacement of a point on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
However, it also provides a classical mechanism for understanding why similar charges repel each other because observations of water show that there is a direct relationship between the magnitudes of a displacement in its surface to the magnitude of the force resisting that displacement.
Similarly the magnitude of a displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension caused by two similar charges will be greater than that caused by a single one. Therefore, similar charges will repel each other because the magnitude of the force resisting the displacement will be greater for two charges than it would be for a single charge.
One can define the causality of electrical component of electromagnetic radiation in terms of the energy associated with its “peaks” and “troughs” that is directed perpendicular to its velocity vector while its magnetic component would be associated with the horizontal force developed by that perpendicular displacement.
However, Classical Mechanics tells us a horizontal force will be developed by that perpendicular or vertical displacement which will always be 90 degrees out of phase with it. This force is called magnetism.
This is analogous to how the vertical force pushing up of on mountain also generates a horizontal force, which pulls matter horizontally towards the apex of that displacement.
However the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” Oct. 4, 2007 showed one can also understand and predict the quantum mechanical properties of a photon of electromagnetic energy in terms of a resonate structure formed by a matter wave moving on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space by extrapolating the classical laws governing resonance in three-dimensional space to a fourth *spatial* dimension. This is because a matter wave in that environment would satisfy the four conditions required for resonance to occur in a classical Newtonian one: an object, or substance with a natural frequency, a forcing function at the same frequency as the natural frequency, the lack of a damping frequency and the ability for the substance to oscillate spatial.
(Louis de Broglie was the first to predict that particles are a result of a resonant system when he theorized that all particles had a wave component. His theories were confirmed by the discovery of electron diffraction by crystals in 1927 by Davisson and Germer.)
The existence of four *spatial* dimensions would give the “surface” of three-dimensional space the ability to oscillate spatially on a “surface” between a third and fourth *spatial* dimensions thereby fulfilling one of the requirements for classical resonance to occur.
These oscillations would be caused by an event such as the decay of a subatomic particle or the shifting of an electron in an atomic orbital. This would force the “surface” of three-dimensional space to oscillate with the frequency associated with the energy of that event.
However, these oscillations, according to classical mechanics would generate a resonant system or “structure” in space. These resonant systems are known as particles.
Classically mechanics tells the energy of an environment made up of a resonating system is discontinuous and can only take on the discrete values associated with its fundamental or harmonic of its fundamental frequency.
However, these are the same properties found in the electromagnetic radiation in that it is made up of discreet or discontinuous packets of mass/energy called photons.
This is the basis for assuming the existence of a fourth *spatial* dimension and that the quantum properties of energy/mass are a result resonant system form by a matter wave moving on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
Therefore, these articles define a common mechanism responsible for both the wave and quantum mechanical properties of photons and electromagnetic waves because they define one in terms of the other.
(In an earlier article “The geometry of quarks” Mar. 15, 2009 it was shown how and why quarks join together to form these resonant systems in terms of the geometry of four *spatial* dimensions.)
This cannot be done if one defines the universe in terms of four-dimensional space-time because time is only observed to move in one direct forward and therefore could not support the bi-directional movement required to define a classically resonating system.
However, the articles “Electromagnetism in four *spatial* dimensions” and “Why is energy/mass quantized?” also provide a theoretical basis for defining a mechanism responsible for the generation of an electron-positron pair described in the following article provided by Elsharony Hemetis.
“As is known electrons and positrons are identical twins with anti rotations. This infers that the physical structure of electrons and positrons are polar structures. Yes they are. A Photon is a magnetic field tornado of double conical structure with the Electron and positron connected at the base. If a Photon hits or enters the premises of a (super intensity) magnetic field, it breaks up forming a positron-electron pair. The electric charge is a function of the direction of the magnetic flux entering the base of the tornado or leaving out from it. Think of positrons as a magnetic flux pump made of magnetic flux similar to air and tornadoes. This theory infers that there is nothing such as elementary particles. The word elementary is a relatively absolute or a temporarily absolute that reflects the latest scientific analysis of physical structures.”
The mechanism responsible for generating the electron positron pair mentioned above can be understood by comparing the oscillations of a matter wave moving on a “surface” of three-dimensional space to the oscillations associated with a wave on a surface of water.
The article “The reality of the fourth spatial dimension” Dec .01, 2010 derived all forms of energy in terms of a “displacement” in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth “spatial” dimension.
As mentioned earlier the article “Electromagnetism in four *spatial* dimensions†showed one can derive the causality of the electrical component of a photon in terms of the displacements associated with the “peaks” and “troughs” of a matter wave that is directed perpendicular to its velocity vector while its magnetic component would be associated with the horizontal force developed by that perpendicular displacement while their quantum mechanical properties were derived in the article “Why is energy/mass quantized“ in terms of resonant system formed in four *spatial* dimensions that matter wave.
The formation of an electron-positron pair described in Hemetis’s article is caused by a “torque” generated by a super intense magnetic field on the polar magnetic field of a matter wave that the article “Electromagnetism in four *spatial* dimensions” showed was responsible for its magnetic properties.
This is because the torque experience by its magnetic component as it traverses a super intense magnetic field will cause its “orientation” to be “twisted†so that its energy will no longer be moving parallel to the “surface” of a three-dimensional space.
This will result in a portion of space to become “elevated” with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension while some of it will become “depressed”. The “elevated” component of space will be identical but oppositely directed from the one “below” its “surface”.
As mentioned earlier the article “Electromagnetism in four *spatial* dimensions” derived the energy and polarity of a charge in terms of oppositely directed displacements in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space. In other words if one defines a negative charge in terms of a “downward” directed displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space one would define a positive one as an “upward” displacement in that “surface”.
However, when a photon passes through a supper intense magnetic field a twisting force or torque will be generated on its matter wave component, which will result in a portion of the “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold to become “elevated” with respect to a fourth “spatial” dimension and a portion to become “depressed” with respect to it.
But as was shown in the article â€Electromagnetism in four *spatial* dimensions“ the energy directed “above” the “surface†of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension will have all the properties of the negative charge associated with an electron.
However, the energy directed “below” its “surface” will be oppositely directed with respect to that of an electron. Therefore, it will have a positive electric charge associated with a positron.
As mentioned earlier the article “The reality of the fourth spatial dimension” derived the energy/mass or rest mass of a volume in terms of a displacement caused by an “elevation” or “depression” in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to fourth *spatial* dimension.
Therefore energy contained in the “depression” in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension generated when a photon passes through a super intense magnetic would be responsible for the rest mass of an electron.
However, as previously mentioned, the torque generated on a photon as it transverses a super intense magnetic field will generate an oppositely directed displacement or “elevation” in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold that is equal in magnitude to the “elevation” associated with an electron. This displacement that is oppositely directed with respect to an electron is responsible for the rest mass of positron.
Therefore, according to the concepts developed in “The reality of the fourth spatial dimension” it will have the same energy/mass but oppositely directed with respect to the mass associated with electron. Therefore, it will have the properties of a positron.
This shows how one can, by extrapolating observations and the geometric properties of three-dimension environment to a fourth *spatial* dimension understand the origins and physical characteristics of an electron position pair generated by photon as it passes through a supper intense magnetic field.Â
Later Jeff
Copyright Jeffrey O’Callaghan 2010
0.9k1.1k7884041k
I see your point, great job, can’t wait for more posts
What a great resource!