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1kIn 1929 Edwin Hubble and Milton L. Humason published their research which provided the first observational evidence that our universe is expanding. Since then there have been many other observations supporting this conclusion.
However these observations also tell us that three-dimensional space is not expanding towards a time but a higher spatial dimension.
Unfortunately Einstein theories, the primary model used to define the universe evolution only contains three spatial dimension and one time dimension.
Therefore, to explain the observed spatial expansion of the universe one would have to assume the existence of a another *spatial* or fourth *spatial* dimension in addition to the three spatial and one time dimension that Einstein’s theories contain to account for that observation.
This would be true if Einstein had not given us a means of converting the geometric properties of his space-time universe to one consisting of only four *spatial* dimensions.
Einstein defined the geometric properties of a space-time in terms of a dynamic balance between mass and energy defined by the equation E=mc^2. However when he used the constant velocity of light in that equation to define that balance he provided a method of converting a unit of time in a space-time environment with unit of space in four *spatial* dimensions. Additionally because the velocity of light is constant he also defined a one to one quantitative correspondence between his space-time universe and one made up of four *spatial* dimensions.
This not only would allow one to understand how three-dimensional space can be undergoing a spatial expansion in terms of Einstein space-time geometry but it can also give us a logically consistent explanation in terms of that geometry as to why it is expanding.
This is because that the equation E=mc^2 allows us to quantitatively derive the spatial properties of energy in a space-time universe in terms of four *spatial* dimensions.
This is one the bases for assuming as was done in the article “Defining energy†Nov 27, 2007 that all forms of energy can be derived in terms of a spatial displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
In other words one can use Einstein’s equations to quantitatively define energy in terms of a spatial displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimensions instead of one in a space-time environment.
However we know from the study of thermodynamics that energy flows from areas of high to ones with low density very similar to how water flows form an elevated or “high density” point to a lower one.
For example if the walls of an above ground pool filled with water collapse the elevated two-dimensional surface of the water will flow or expand outward towards the three-dimensional environment sounding it.
Yet we know from observations of the cosmic background radiation that presently our three-dimensional universe has an average energy component equal to about 3.7 degrees Kelvin.
However this means that according to concepts developed in the article “Defining energy†Nov 27, 2007 (mentioned earlier) the three-dimensional “surface” of our universe which has an average energy component of 3.7 degree Kelvin would be elevated with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
Yet this means similar to the two dimensional surface of the water in the pool three-dimensional space flow or expand outward in the four dimensional environment surround it.
In other words by using Einstein’s theories to redefine our universe in terms of four *spatial* dimensions allows one to not only explain how space can be expanding towards a higher spatial dimension but also allows on to define a mechanism that could be responsible for that expansion.
Later Jeff
Copyright Jeffrey O’Callaghan 2010
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