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1kThe Pauli Exclusion Principle is the quantum mechanical principle that says that two identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin) cannot occupy the same quantum state simultaneously.
Presently it is defined in the terminology of quantum mechanics as when the wave function for two identical fermions is anti-symmetric with respect to exchange of the particles. In other words it changes sign if the space and spin co-ordinates of any two particles are interchanged.
However it may be possible to derive a mechanism for this in terms of the laws of causality in a space-time or classical environment.
There are four quantum states or numbers.
The first, designated by the letter “n”, and it describes the electron shell, or energy level. Its value ranges from 1 to “n”, where “n” is the shell containing the outermost electron of that atom. The second, or â„“ quantum number, describes the subshell (0 = s orbital, 1 = p orbital, 2 = d orbital, 3 = f orbital, etc.). Its value can range from 0 to n − 1. The third, or mâ„“, describes the specific orbital within a subshell. Finally fourth, quantum number with the designator “s” describes the spin of the electron within that orbital. An electron can have a spin of ±½; ms will be either, corresponding with “spin” and “opposite spin.” Each electron in any individual orbital must have different spins; therefore, an orbital never contains more than two electrons.
Pauli’s exclusion principle is considered one of the most important principles in physics because if electrons could occupy the same quantum state they would all congregate in a single point corresponding to the lowest-energy state. If this occurred atoms would have no volume. However, Pauli’s exclusion principle tells us that each additional electron added to an atom must occupy higher energy level with respect to the lower-energy electrons the atom originally contained. Therefore, they occupy an extended volume rather than a volume less one dimensional point.
As mentioned earlier it may be possible to derive a mechanism for this in terms of the laws of causality in a space-time or classical environment.
However because these quantum states address the spatial not the time components of electron orbitals we must first convert Einstein’s space-time geometry which define their energy in terms of time to one that define it in terms of their spatial properties to
He gave us the ability to do this when he defined the geometric properties of a space-time universe in terms of the equation E=mc^2 and the constant velocity of light because that provided a method of converting the displacement in space-time he associated with energy to its equivalent displacement in four *spatial* dimensions. Additionally because the velocity of light is constant he also defined a one to one quantitative correspondence between his space-time universe and one made up of four *spatial* dimensions.
One of the advantage to doing this is that it allows one as done in the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?†Oct. 4, 2007 to understand the physicality of quantum properties energy/mass by extrapolating the laws of classical wave mechanics in a three-dimensional environment to a matter wave on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
There are four conditions required for resonance to occur in a classical Newtonian environment, an object, or substance with a natural frequency, a forcing function at the same frequency as the natural frequency, the lack of a damping frequency and the ability for the substance to oscillate spatial.
The existence of four *spatial* dimensions would give the “surface” of three-dimensional space (the substance) the ability to oscillate spatially between a third and fourth *spatial* dimensions thereby fulfilling one of the requirements for classical resonance to occur.
These oscillations would be caused by an event such as the decay of a subatomic particle or the shifting of an electron in an atomic orbital. This would force the “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension to oscillate with the frequency associated with the energy of that event.
Therefore, these bi-directional oscillations in a “surface” of a three dimensional space would meet the requirements mentioned above for the formation of a resonant system or “structure” in space.
Observations of a three-dimensional environment show the energy associated with resonant system can only take on the incremental or discreet values associated with a fundamental or a harmonic of the fundamental frequency of its environment.
Similarly the energy associated with resonant systems in four *spatial* dimensions could only take on the incremental or discreet values associated a fundamental or a harmonic of the fundamental frequency of its environment.
These resonant systems in four *spatial* dimensions are responsible for the incremental or discreet energies associated with quantum mechanical systems.
Additionally it also tells us why in terms of the physical properties four dimensional space-time or four *spatial* dimensions an electron cannot fall into the nucleus is because, as was shown in that article all energy is contained in four dimensional resonant systems. In other words the energy released by an electron “falling” into it would have to manifest itself in terms of a resonate system. Since the fundamental or lowest frequency available for a stable resonate system in either four dimensional space-time or four spatial dimension corresponds to the energy of an electron it becomes one of the fundamental energy units of the universe.
However it is also possible to explain in by extrapolating the laws of classical physics to a fourth spatial dimension why no two electrons can occupy the same state at the same time.
For example the article “Defining potential and kinetic energy?” showed all forms of energy including the angular momentum of particles can be defined in terms of the direction of a displacement in a “surface* of three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
In three-dimensional space the orientation of the angular momentum of a particle is determined by the right hand rule which says that its angular momentum of a counter clockwise spin would be directed “upward” with respect to the two-dimensional plane in which it is spinning while one with a clockwise spin would be “downwardly” directed.
Therefore one can derive the fourth or spin quantum number in terms of the direction a “surface” of three-dimensional space is displaced with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. For example if one defines energy of an electron with a spin of -1/2 in terms of a downward directed displacement one would define a +1/2 spin as an upwardly directed one.
Using this concept one can theoretical derive Pauli’s Exclusion Principle or the reason why only two particle of opposite spins can occupy a quantum orbital by extrapolating the laws of a three-dimensional environment to a fourth *spatial* dimension
In three-dimensional space the frequency or energy of a resonant system is defined by the vibrating medium and the boundaries of its environment.
For example the resonant frequency or energy of a stationary or standing wave generated when a violin string plucked is determined by its shape of the instrument sounding box and the length of its strings.
Similarly the resonant system that defines energy of atomic orbitals defined in the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” would be defined by the size and shape of its orbital.
This means that atomic orbital will have a unique energy of the standing wave associated with its resonant frequency.
The reason no two identical fermions such as electrons can fill the same energy level or have the same four quantum numbers simultaneously can be understood comparing how those quantum numbers or orbitals is filled to the filling of a bucket of water.
There a two ways to fill a bucket. One is by pushing it down and allowing the water to flow over its edge or by using a cup to raise it to the level of the buckets rim.
Similarly there would be two ways fill an atomic orbital according to the concepts presented in the article “Defining potential and kinetic energy?“. One would be by forcing the “surface” of three-dimensional space “downward” with respect to a fourth *spatial* while the other would be raise it up to the energy level associated with an electron in that orbital.
However the energy required by each method will not be identical for the same reason that it requires slightly less energy to fill a bucket of water by pushing it down below its surface than using a cup to fill it because the one above the surface is at a higher gravitational potential
This explains why two elections in the same atomic orbital can have different quantum numbers.
However it also explains why no two quantum particles can have the same quantum number because observations of water show that there is a direct relationship between the magnitudes of a displacement in its surface to the magnitude of the energy resisting that displacement.
Similarly the magnitude of a displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension caused by two quantum particles with similar quantum numbers would greater than that caused by a single one. Therefore, two electrons that occupy the same orbital cannot have the same energy because the energy associated with that displacement would be greater that associated with a different one. Therefore it will seek the lower energy state associated with a different quantum number.
This shows how one can derive of Pauli’s exclusion principle or the fact that no two identical fermions such as electrons can have the same four quantum numbers simultaneously by extrapolating the laws of classical physics in a three-dimensional environment to a four *spatial* dimension.
Later Jeff
Copyright Jeffrey O’Callaghan 2012
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