In 1928 Paul Dirac developed through complex mathematical calculations a theory that integrated quantum mechanics, used to describe the subatomic world, with Einstein’s Special Relativity, which says nothing travels faster than light. However, he soon realized his equations not only worked for an electron with negative charge. It also worked for a particle that behaves … Read more
Both Einstein’s Special and General Theories of Relativity have a perfect record of predicting and explaining what we observe in our environment. However, the same cannot be said for Bohr’s concepts regarding the quantum properties of energy/mass. For example, the fact that vacuum energy exists has been confirmed by both the observation of Dark Energy, … Read more
In physics, a field is a physical quantity that has a value for each point in space and time. However Quantum Field Theory or QED mathematically defines the field properties of its environment in terms of the abstract properties of probabilities. While Einstein mathematically defines the values of gravity in terms of field equations based … Read more
The vacuum catastrophe is name given to the disagreement of over 100 orders of magnitude between measured values of the vacuum energy density and the theoretical zero-point energy predicted by Quantum Field Theory. This discrepancy has been described as “the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics.” The effects of vacuum energy can be … Read more
Quantum Chromodynamics a subset of the Standard Model of Particle Physics gives a very accurate mathematical description of the strong force that hold quarks together in protons and neutrons in terms of a gauge theory with the symmetry group of SU(3). However it does not define how that force physically interacts with them to do … Read more