History has shown that science cannot save a theoretical model that does not reflect the “reality” of current observations by randomly adding new parameters. For example when the geocentric model of planetary motion was first proposed it was a good fit to the observational data available at the time. However it became necessary to modify … Read more
One of the most fundamental questions in physics and cosmology is why the physical constants are what they are. For example the fine structure constant is one of the about 22 empirical parameters in the Standard Model of particle physics, whose value is not determined within it. In other words their values are not determined … Read more
Many physicists assume the General Theory of Relativity predicts that all the mass in a black hole is concentrated at its center in a singularity or a point which has zero volume and infinite density However the idea it can be concentrated in a non-dimensional point of infinite density with zero volume is a bit … Read more
In 1933 Fritz Zwicky a Swiss astronomer, was trying to measure the mass of a galactic cluster using two different methods. First he tried to infer it from the rational speed of the galaxies around the center of the clusters. Just like kids on a merry-go-round have to hold on to avoid being ejected, galaxies … Read more
History has shown the advantages to reformulating or expanding an existing theory or law to a wider environment. For example Kepler’s Laws are wonderful as a description of the motions of the planets. However, they provide no explanation of why the planets move in that way. Moreover, Kepler’s Third Law only works for planets orbiting … Read more