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1kEinstein’s Explanation of the Unexplainable
In 2001 Sir Roger Penrose developed a theory known as “Conformal Cyclic Cosmology“ in which he postulated the universe has gone through infinite cycles. He suggested each cycle starts out from a singularity before expanding and generating clumps of matter, which eventually gets sucked up by super massive black holes, which over the very long term disappear by continuously emitting Hawking radiation.
However, another way in which black holes could have contributed to its expansion that does not have its origins in a singularity but in rapid release of energy in a black hole caused by the increasing temperature of a collapsing universe.
Some will probably say that is it crazy to assume that can cause its rapid expansion however we think it is crazier to assume that it began as a single one-dimens
ional point called a singularity as is suggested by both the “Conformal Cyclic Cosmology” and the Big Bang.
Cosmologists have not yet determined if the universe will keep on expanding or enter a contraction phase. However, if it does the science of thermodynamics tells us its temperature would rise dramatically as it contracted.
However, Einstein defined gravity in terms of the energy density of space. This means, as the temperature and therefore the energy density sounding a black hole increases its event horizon would expand because of the decrease in the energy differential between it and the surrounding space. This would result in their energy being released creating a positive feedback loop that would result in increasing the temperature of the universe. The energy released by a single one would only result in a small increase in that rate. However, the CASCADING release of energy due to a positive feed from a large number over a short period of time COULD result in an EXPONENTIAL increase in the universe’s temperature which would result in its rapid expansion.
As was mentioned earlier the science of thermodynamics tells us the universe’s temperature would rise dramatically as it contracted. This means one could use observations of our present universe to estimate if and when the heat generated by the momentum of its collapse would become great enough to cause the energy contained in black holes to be released.
One advantage to this is that it defines a mechanism for the origins of our current universe in terms of its observable properties. This is because, one can, through observations estimate the total energy content and number of the black holes in universe AT THE TIME OF ITS COLLAPSE based on how many presently exist and how many will be created when all of the stars use up their fuel and collapse to one. This would allow one to estimate its rate of its expansion from the beginning based on their numbers and rate at which their energy would have been released by the process outlined above.
However, any cyclic model of our current universe must be able to explain the reoccurrence of the cosmic background radiation which was emitted when ionized electrons and protons first became bound to form electrically neutral hydrogen atoms. This means that the temperature before the expansion began MUST repeat MUST have been high enough to ionize them.
Putting it another way it is not necessary to assume each cycle starts out from the unobservable prosperities a singularity before expanding as Conformal Cyclic Cosmology and the Big Bang assumes because as was show above the laws of thermodynamic tell us it could have begun by an exponential release of energy from large numbers of black holes.
To determine if this idea is a creditable, one must FIRST determine if heat can cause an increase in the rate at which energy is emitted from a black hole. Using that information one MAY repeat MAY be able to calculate the temperature at which its expansion would have begun and how rapidly it would cascade though all of the remaining black holes in the universe. Then using that information, one may be able to derive the rate of the universe expansion at every point in its history including the point when its expansion began based on observations of the present universe. This may allow us to get a more accurate estimate of its age.
However, as was mentioned earlier to explain the Cosmic background radiation the temperature at the time the expansion began MUST repeat MUST have been high enough to ionize MOST repeat MOST if not all of the protons and electrons.
If true it would mean the concentration of the lighter elements in the beginning would be different form that predicted by the currently accepted Big Bang or Sir Roger Penrose Conformal Cyclic Cosmology due to the fact the rate of expansion would be different. However, if it was found that it provides a more accurate accounting of the present concentration of elements in our universe it would have a tendency to support this theoretical model
In other words, the above model would allow us to define our universe’s expansion based on the mathematical analysis of its observable properties instead of the unobservable properties of a quantum singularity as is suggest by the Cyclic Cosmological model defined above.
Copyright Jeffrey O’Callaghan Jan. 2021
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