We have shown throughout this blog there would be many theoretical advantages to defining the universe in terms of four *spatial* dimensions instead of four dimensional space-time.
One of them is that it would allow for theoretically defining a common mechanism for gravity and the color charge of quarks by extrapolating observations made in a three-dimensional environment to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
For example in the article “The geometry of quarks” Mar. 15, 2009 it was shown one can derive their electrical or color properties in terms of a displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
Quantum Chromodynamics, which is an integral part of the Standard Model of Particle Physics, defines how quarks interact with themselves and each other to form particles such as protons and neutrons. The word quantum stands for the fact that interactions (forces between particles) on this level can be represented as things that occur only in chunks called quarks. The word Chromodynamics stands for the color properties it associates with them.
In the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” Oct. 4, 2007Â it was shown the quantum mechanical properties of particles could be derived in terms of a resonant system formed on “surface” a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
However, observations of particles indicate they are made up of distinct components called quarks of which there are six types, the UP/Down, Charm/Strange and Top/Bottom. The Up, Charm and Top have a fractional charge of 2/3. The Down, Strange and Bottom have a fractional charge of -1/3. Scientists have also determined that quarks can take on one of three different configurations they have designated by the colors red, blue, and green.
But if space was made up of four *spatial* dimensions one should be able to explain why quarks have a fractional charge and how they interact to form particles in terms of the geometry four *spatial* dimension.
The article Defining energy Nov. 26, 2007 showed it is possible to define all forms of energy including electrical in terms of a displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
However, we as three-dimensional beings can only observe three of the four spatial dimensions. Therefore, the energy associated with a displacement in its “surface” with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension will be observed by us as being directed along that “surface”. However, because two of the three-dimensions we can observe are parallel to that surface we will observe it to have 2/3 of the total energy associated with that displacement and we will observe the other 1/3 as being directed along the signal dimension that is perpendicular to that surface.
This means the 2/3 fractional charge of the Up, Charm and Top may be related to the energy directed along a “surface” of a displaced three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a four *spatial* dimension while the -1/3 charge of The Down, Strange and Bottom may be associated with the energy that is directed perpendicular to that “surface”.
The reason why quarks come in three configurations or colors with a fractional charge of 1/3 or 2/3 may be because, as was shown in the article Embedded Dimensions Nov. 22, 2007 there are three ways the individual axis of three-dimensional space can be oriented with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. Therefore, the configuration or “colors” of each quark may be related to how its energy is distributed in three-dimensional space with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
However, it may also explain why it takes three quarks of different “colors” to form a particle because, as mentioned earlier one can define a particle in terms of a resonant system on a “surface” a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. If the colors of each quark represent the central axis associated with its charge then to form a stable resonate system would require three quarks that have different central axis to balance its energy with respect to the axes of three-dimensional space. A particle could not exist if two quarks have the same central axis or color because it would cause an energy imbalance along that axis. Therefore, a particle consisting of anything but quarks of three different colors would not stable.
This shows that it is possible to define the electrical properties of quarks and how they combine to form particles in terms of the geometry of four *spatial* dimensions.
The link between gravity and the electrical properties of quarks can be found by the fact that they are both a result of a displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.Â
In the article “Why Space-time?†it was shown one can derive gravity in terms of a symmetrical curvature caused by a displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimensions that article associated with gravity. Symmetrical in the sense that the magnitude of the deformation is equally distributed throughout each axis of three-dimensional space.
One can understand how by comparing effects this curvature has on objects in a three dimensional environment to the effects a rod pushing down on a surface of a rubber diaphragm that has on marble on it.
The marble on the diaphragm will represent the energy/mass of an object and the rod will represent the “W†axis of a fourth *spatial* dimension.
(The “W” axis of a fourth *spatial* dimension was defined in the article Embedded Dimensions Oct 27, 2007)
If the end of the rod is orientated perpendicular to the “surface” of the diaphragm and is allowed to touch it without putting any pressure on it, the surface of the diaphragm will remain flat. The marble on the flat diaphragm would not move.
However, if pressure is applied to the rod, the “surface” of the diaphragm will become displaced and will no longer be perpendicular to the rod.
Gravitational forces will then have a tangential component along the “surface” of the rubber diaphragm. The tangential component of the gravitational force directed along the “surface” of the diaphragm will cause the marble to move towards the apex of the depression.
However, what makes electrical forces associated with quarks different from gravitational is that the displacement caused by them on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold is not symmetrical as was shown earlier with respect to the axis of three-dimensional space whereas those of gravity are.
This shows that one of the theoretical advantages to defining the universe in terms of four *spatial* dimensional instead of four dimensional space time is that it allows one to physically connect the color charge of quark with gravity.
Later Jeff
Copyright 2011 Jeffrey O’Callaghan