We have shown throughout this blog and its companion book “The Reality of the Fourth *Spatial* Dimension” there are many theoretical advantages to defining the universe in terms of four *spatial* dimensions instead of four-dimensional space-time.
One is that it allows one to understand the physical relationship between Dark Energy and gravity by extrapolating the laws of classical physics in a three-dimensional environment to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
On May 30, 2004, physicsworld.com reported, in the article Dark Energy “New evidence has confirmed that the expansion of the universe is accelerating under the influence of a gravitationally repulsive form of energy that makes up two-thirds of the cosmos.
But since its discovery, no one has been able to define a mechanism that can account for its existence in terms of four-dimensional space-time.
However as was just mentioned on can understand how Dark Energy is causing the accelerated expansion of the universe in terms of its physical relationship to the decelerative properties of gravity.
Einstein gave us the ability to do this when he use the equation E=mc^2 and the constant velocity of light to define the geometric properties of space-time because that provided a method of converting a unit of space-time associated with energy to unit of space associated with position. Additionally because the velocity of light is constant he also defined a one to one quantitative correspondence between his space-time universe and one made up of four *spatial* dimensions.
However the fact that one can use Einstein’s equations to qualitatively and quantitatively redefine the curvature in space-time he associated with energy in terms of four *spatial* dimensions is one bases for assuming, as was done in the article “
Einstein had defined the force of gravity in terms of a curvature in the surface of a space time manifold. However the fact that it is always attractive tells us this curvature is always in the same direction.
Yet we know that gravity’s effect is opposite to that of thermo energy because the heat or thermo energy released by the thermonuclear reactions in a star keeps gravity from collapsing it. However fo*spatial
it is difficult to form a physical image this asymmetrical relationship between gravitational and thermo energy because time is only observed to move in one direction forward.
Yet because we observe that one can move in two directions in a spatial environment upwards of downwards or backwards of forwards one could define their asymmetry in terms of oppositely directed displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth spatial dimension. In other words as was done in the article “Defining energy?†Nov 27, 2007 if one defines gravity in terms of a “depression” in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to fourth *spatial* dimension one should define thermo energy in terms of a “elevation” in that “surface.
We know from the study of thermodynamics that energy flows from areas of high density to one of low density very similar to how water flows form an elevated or “high density” point to a lower one.
For example, if the walls of an above ground pool filled with water collapse the elevated two-dimensional surface of the water will flow or expand and accelerate outward towards the three-dimensional environment surrounding it while the force associated with that expansion decreases as it expands.
Yet we know from observations of the cosmic background radiation that presently our three-dimensional universe has an average energy component equal to about 3.7 degrees Kelvin.
However this means according to concepts developed in the article “Defining energy” that the three-dimensional “surface” occupied by the particles in our universe which has an average energy component of 3.7 degree Kelvin would be elevated with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
Yet this means similar to the water molecules occupying the elevated two dimensional surface of the water in the pool, the particles occupying a region of three-dimensional space that is elevated because of its 3.7 degree temperature will flow and accelerate outward in the four dimensional environment surrounding it.
This shows how redefining Einstein space-time environment in terms of four *spatial* dimensions allows one to understand the physical relationship between gravity and Dark Energy and why it is cause the expansion of our universe to accelerate by extrapolating the laws of classical physics in a three-dimensional environment to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
It should be remember that Einstein’s genius allows us to choose whether to view all forms of energy including gravitational and thermo in either a space-time environment or one consisting of *spatial* dimension when he defined the geometry of space-time in terms of energy/mass and the constant velocity of light thereby giving us new perspective on the asymmetrical relationship.
Later Jeff
Copyright 2010 Jeffrey O’Callaghan